The concept of economic security has significantly evolved since its inception during the 1930s Great Depression, gaining formal UN recognition in 1985. This technical report examines economic security as a dimension of national security for Pakistan, analysing the structural vulnerabilities — in trade, external financing, energy, food systems, and macroeconomic management — that undermine the country’s economic resilience. The report traces the global evolution of economic security doctrine from post-Cold War discourse to contemporary policy frameworks, and applies this lens to Pakistan’s development challenges. It proposes a structured analytical framework for assessing and strengthening Pakistan’s economic security, situating economic policy reform within a national security narrative.